Which type of camera can detect thermal radiation?

Thermal cameras are specifically designed to detect thermal radiation, which is the infrared radiation emitted by objects based on their temperature. Instead of capturing visible light like traditional cameras, thermal cameras sense the heat emitted by people, animals, and objects in their field of view, allowing them to create images based on temperature differences. This capability makes thermal cameras particularly useful for applications in security, surveillance, search and rescue operations, as well as in various industrial settings where heat patterns are critical for detecting anomalies.

Other types of cameras mentioned do not have this capacity. On-board cameras and modular cameras primarily focus on visual light imagery for monitoring and surveillance but do not detect thermal radiation. Vandal-resistant cameras are designed to withstand physical damage, ensuring they can operate in harsh environments, but this sturdiness does not impart the ability to detect heat. Thus, thermal cameras stand out as the correct choice for this question due to their unique ability to visualize thermal energy.